A causa della pandemia di coronavirus, la commemorazione eccezionalmente non si terrà al Memoriale, ma nello spazio virtuale.

La commemorazione online

La trasmissione online inizierà il 27 gennaio 2021 alle 16.00 CET (UTC + 1) e sarà disponibile su www.auschwitz.org e www.76.auschwitz.org oltre che su Memorial Youtube, Facebook e Twitter.

Il tema sarà il destino dei bambini ad Auschwitz

Il tema principale del 76 ° anniversario della liberazione sarà il destino dei bambini ad Auschwitz. “Più di 200.000 bambini sono stati assassinati ad Auschwitz. Completamente innocente, buono, curioso della vita, amare i loro cari, fidarsi dei bambini. Il mondo degli adulti – dopotutto, così spesso ingiusto e crudele – non ha mai dimostrato così tanto della sua spietatezza, del suo male. Ciò non può essere giustificato da alcuna ideologia, resa dei conti o politica. Quest’anno vogliamo dedicare l’anniversario della liberazione alle più giovani vittime del campo “, ha detto il dottor Piotr M. A. Cywiński, direttore del Museo.

Le vittime tra i bambini e i giovani

Si stima, sulla base dei dati approssimativi, che almeno 232.000 bambini e giovani siano stati deportati ad Auschwitz, di cui 216.000 ebrei, 11.000 rom, circa 3.000 polacchi, più di 1.000 bielorussi e diverse centinaia di russi, ucraini e altri . Nel campo sono stati registrati un totale di circa 23.000 bambini e giovani. Poco più di 700 furono liberati sul territorio di Auschwitz nel gennaio 1945.

La missione

Auschwitz è il simbolo e il luogo del genocidio più riconoscibile nel mondo. Dal momento in cui lo Stato polacco ha istituito il Memoriale di Auschwitz sul sito dell’ex campo, si è impegnato a preservare la memoria dei crimini commessi in quel campo di concentramento e sterminio nazista tedesco di Auschwitz. Le parole comuni non descrivono correttamente questo sito. Al giorno d’oggi è chiamato un cimitero, un monumento, un sito commemorativo, un museo.

Ma quelle parole non possono esprimere il pieno significato di Auschwitz che è così difficile da afferrare ed esprimere. È la prova meglio conservata della più grande caduta dell’umanità e di un’enorme tragedia nella storia dell’Europa. Questo è un simbolo di tutta la storia della Shoah, del sistema dei campi di concentramento e di una crisi del male non registrata.

Protezione delle reliquie del campo

L’obiettivo principale è proteggere e conservare le reliquie del campo o in altre parole mantenere l’autenticità e la spinta del più grande campo di concentramento e l’unico centro di sterminio che le SS non sono riuscite a radere al suolo. Per sostenere gli sforzi, la Fondazione Auschwitz-Birkenau è stata istituita nel 2009. Ha creato il Fondo perpetuo per fornire i mezzi per la realizzazione pianificata e sistematica dei lavori di conservazione presso il Memoriale. Formazione scolastica L’istruzione, intesa in senso lato, è un compito altrettanto importante.

Si può insegnare ovunque su Auschwitz e l’Olocausto. Solo al Memoriale di Auschwitz, tuttavia, è possibile non solo conoscere la storia dell’operazione del campo e avere accesso diretto ai resoconti di prima mano dei testimoni, ma anche vedere le prove dello sterminio con i nostri occhi: le rovine delle camere a gas, dei crematori e di altri resti dell’accampamento.

Il Senso di Auschwitz

Auschwitz è al centro dell’esperienza europea. È il più grande sito di sterminio, simbolo della sua mostruosa interezza. È un punto di riferimento costante nella storia del Vecchio Continente del dopoguerra, che giustifica pienamente tutti gli sforzi volti a creare un’Europa unificata, diversa, nuova, più umana e sensibile. Prendersi cura del sito non è solo un obbligo nei confronti delle generazioni passate, vittime e sopravvissuti; in larga misura, è anche un obbligo nei confronti delle generazioni a venire.

Sarà loro responsabilità portare avanti gli sforzi del dopoguerra per un mondo migliore, unito, ragionevole, di sostegno e sicuro. Sono i nostri figli e nipoti che costruiranno il futuro della nostra civiltà. Dobbiamo loro la verità su Auschwitz.

La Liberazione di Auschwitz

L’ Evacuazione iniziale del campo ed eliminazione delle tracce dei crimini

Dall’agosto 1944 a metà gennaio 1945 i tedeschi trasferirono circa 65mila prigionieri e prigionieri fuori da Auschwitz per essere impiegati come forza lavoro schiava per varie imprese nelle profondità del Terzo Reich. Hanno anche iniziato l’eliminazione iniziale e la distruzione delle prove dei loro crimini – tra gli altri, sono stati bruciati i registri dei prigionieri e le registrazioni degli ebrei uccisi nelle camere a gas.

I beni mobili del campo sono stati portati via, principalmente grandi quantità di materiali da costruzione e beni saccheggiati dalle vittime di omicidi di massa. Gli elementi tecnici di tutte le camere a gas e dei crematori tranne uno sono stati smantellati o smontati entro la fine dell’anno.

Liquidazione del campo

A metà gennaio 1945, quando la linea del fronte fu spezzata dall’Armata Rossa e le sue truppe si stavano avvicinando a Cracovia, a 70 km dal campo, iniziò l’evacuazione finale dei prigionieri. Dal 17 al 21 gennaio 1945 circa 56mila prigionieri e prigionieri furono portati fuori da Auschwitz e dai suoi sottocampi in colonne in marcia. Una volta raggiunta la stazione ferroviaria indicata, furono trasportati più a ovest su vagoni merci.

Entrambe le vie di evacuazione, in treno oa piedi, erano disseminate di corpi di prigionieri colpiti da colpi d’arma da fuoco o morti per stanchezza o freddo. Si stima che circa 9mila prigionieri di Auschwitz siano morti durante l’operazione. Il 20 gennaio 1945 le SS fecero saltare in aria le camere a gas e i crematori che erano già stati messi fuori servizio qualche tempo prima mentre l’ultimo, ancora pienamente operativo, fu fatto saltare in aria il 26 gennaio. Il 23 gennaio sono stati incendiati i magazzini, dove venivano immagazzinati i beni appartenenti alle vittime dello sterminio.

Liberazione

Dopo l’evacuazione definitiva quasi 9mila prigionieri, perlopiù malati ed esausti lasciati nel campo dai tedeschi, si sono trovati in una situazione incerta. Circa 700 prigionieri ebrei furono assassinati nel periodo tra la partenza forzata delle ultime colonne di evacuazione e l’arrivo dei soldati sovietici. Fu solo una coincidenza che la maggior parte dei prigionieri rimasti fosse sopravvissuta.

Il 27 gennaio 1945 l’Armata Rossa entrò nell’area della città di Oświęcim, affrontando la resistenza delle truppe tedesche in ritirata. Più di 230 soldati sovietici morirono durante la liberazione dell’area. Circa 7mila prigionieri vissero per assistere alla liberazione dei campi di Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II-Birkenau e Auschwitz III-Monowitz. Circa 500 altri prigionieri sono stati liberati nei sottocampi prima del 27 gennaio e poco dopo quella data.

I malati furono curati da diversi ospedali da campo sovietici e dal cosiddetto Ospedale da campo della Croce Rossa polacca, istituito da volontari polacchi, principalmente residenti a Cracovia e nelle città vicine. Qui sono stati curati 4,5mila sopravvissuti per lo più ebrei, tra cui più di 400 bambini, cittadini di più di venti paesi.

Quei prigionieri che erano in condizioni fisiche relativamente buone lasciarono Auschwitz subito dopo la liberazione, tornando a casa da soli o con mezzi di trasporto organizzati. La maggior parte dei pazienti ricoverati in ospedale ha fatto lo stesso tre o quattro mesi dopo.

Daniela Torrani

Fotografie : © Memorial and Museum Auschwitz – Birkenau

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